Effects of low-intensity ultrasound on the growth,cell membrane permeability and ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Effects of low-intensity ultrasound (at different frequency, treatment time and power) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae in different growth phase were evaluated by the biomass in the paper. In addition, the cell membrane permeability and ethanol tolerance of sonicated Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also researched. The results revealed that the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased by 127.03% under the optimum ultrasonic conditions such as frequency 28 kHz, power 140 W/L and ultrasonic time 1 h when Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured to the latent anaphase. And the membrane permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in latent anaphase enhanced by ultrasound, resulting in the augment of extracellular protein, nucleic acid and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) contents. In addition, sonication could accelerate the damage of high concentration alcohol to Saccharomyces cerevisiae although the ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was not affected significantly by ultrasound.     

基于TSAVI的OLI模拟数据翅碱蓬生物量反演研究

翅碱蓬是辽东湾北部滨海湿地一种典型的植被,其生物量的评估对了解滨海湿地生态系统生产力,生态系统机构和功能的形成具有十分重要的作用。而翅碱蓬覆盖度不均一,特别是自然状态下的覆盖度较低,土壤背景影响严重。将基于模拟Landsat 8 OLI数据的转换型土壤调整指数(transformed soil adjusted vegetation index,TSAVI)作为自变量,与地面实测生物量进行回归分析,构建了翅碱蓬群落生物量反演模型。结果表明：TSAVI(红光600～687 nm,近红外820～880 nm)与生物量的相关性显著,相关系数在0.9左右,最高相关系数可达0.92;线性、二次多项式优于对数、指数和幂模型,模型拟合优度r2都为0.83,再结合模型的F值和运算效率,认为线性模型是反演成熟翅碱蓬生物量的最优模型。最后,实现了研究区域Landsat 8 OLI卫星遥感数据翅碱蓬群落生物量反演及模型验证,估算值和实测值的相关系数r为0.962,平均相对误差为0.106,翅碱蓬覆盖度越大,相对误差越低,覆盖度低的翅碱蓬生物量反演的相对误差在0.18左右,表明所建立的线性反演模型在高、低覆盖度时均具有良好的反演精度;此外,还人为地将模型中土壤线系数a和b引入±5%扰动,扰动后的反演结果平均相对误差比较稳定,相关系数有所降低,但都在0.9以上,表明所建立反演模型具有较好的稳定性。     

基于优化光谱指数的牧草生物量估算

牧草生物量是天然和人工草场产出的一个重要指标,能直接反映牧草的长势,它的实时监测是制定合理的草地管理和放牧制度的前提。然而,传统的样方法费时、费力很难满足草地生物量监测的实时性要求。近年来,随着高光谱遥感的发展,为草地的快速、无损的监测提供了可能。通过对内蒙古天然和人工草地生物量及其冠层光谱数据分析,探讨了不同类型光谱指数在估算牧草生物量的鲁棒性。研究表明,由于冠层结构和生物量的影响,不同类型草地冠层的光谱反射存在巨大的差异,从而使现有光谱指数对天然草地和不同品种人工草地牧草生物量的预测能力存在显著的差异(R2=0.00～0.65)。在荒漠草原低生物量的条件下,受土壤背景影响不同光谱指数预测能力较小,而在青贮玉米高生物量条件下,基于红光的光谱指数容易发生饱和失去敏感性。把不同草地类型的数据结合后进行简单比率和归一化窄波段光谱指数的波段优化,与出版的光谱指数相比优化后的归一化光谱指数(normalized difference spectral index, NDSI）显著提高了牧草生物量的预测能力,预测生物量模型的决定系数最高(R2=0.72)。敏感性分析进一步证明了基于波段优化算法的优化光谱指数NDSI,(ration spectral index, RSI）有最低的噪声,从而能更好的预测牧草生物量。波段优化算法可以有效提高遥感估算草地牧草生物量的精度,光谱指数及其优化波段的选择会直接影响模型的预测能力。     

Selective hydrogenolysis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural over Pd/C catalyst to 2,5-dimethylfuran

Several metal supported catalysts were prepared and evaluated for 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF) hydrogenolysis to 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) which is a renewable potential fuel additive. Among the prepared catalysts, 3%Pd/C showed excellent performance in terms of complete conversion of 5-HMF along with the highest selectivity of 99% to 2,5-DMF. Detailed physico-chemical characterisation was done in order to understand structure-activity correlation. Uniformly dispersed Pd nanoparticles on activated carbon provided the adsorption surface to enhance the hydrogenation of 5-HMF. Reaction was well optimised and established by extensive study of different reaction parameters like temperature, pressure, reaction time, stirring effect, substrate loading and metal loading.     

Application of off-line pyrolysis with dynamic solid-phase microextraction to the GC–MS analysis of biomass pyrolysis products

Pyrolysis coupled with dynamic solid-phase micro extraction (Py-SPME) followed by GC–MS analysis was applied to the determination of volatile compounds evolved by a micro-scale off-line pyrolysis apparatus, in order to extend the information affordable with this type of analytical equipment. The Py-SPME method with a carboxen/PDMS fiber working in the retracted mode was tested on four biomass samples (switchgrass, sweet sorghum, corn stalk and poplar) for qualitative analysis of semi-volatile pyrolysis products and quantitative determination of main volatiles (C₁–C₄) pyrolysis products. The developed procedure allowed capturing and analysis of all GC analyzable compounds, without memory effects and with good peak resolution also for early GC-eluting compounds. Twelve main volatile pyrolysis products, including hydroxyacetaldehyde and acetic acid, were successfully quantified; in spite of the intrinsic variability introduced by dynamic SPME sampling, results were relatively accurate and consistent with literature data on bench pyrolysis reactors.     

Synthesis of phenol-formaldehyde resol resins using organosolv pine lignins

Lignin was extracted from white pine sawdust by organosolv-extraction using hot-compressed ethanol-water co-solvent. The optimum conditions for extracting lignin from the pine sawdust were found to be at 180 °C with ethanol-water solvent (1:1 wt/wt), where the lignin yield attained ca. 26% with a purity of ca. 83%. The lignin under such conditions was oligomers with a broad molecular weights distribution: M_n of 537, M_w of 1150 and polydispersity of 2.14. Bio-based phenol-formaldehyde resol resins were synthesized using the resultant lignin as the replacement of petroleum-based phenol at varying ratios from 25 to 75 wt.% by condensation polymerization catalyzed by sodium hydroxide. Upon heating the lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resols could solidify with a main exothermic peak at around 150-175 °C, typical of the conventional phenolic resol resins, and a secondary peak at 135-145 °C, likely due to the exothermic reactions between the free formaldehyde with phenol or lignin to form methylophenols. The replacement of phenol with lignin at a large ratio deferred the curing process, and the introduction of lignin in the resin formula decreased the thermal stability of the resin, leading to a lowered decomposition temperature and a reduced amount of carbon residue at elevated temperatures. For practical applications, it is suggested that the replacement ratio of phenol with lignin be less than 50 wt.%. The thermal stability can however be improved by purifying the lignin feedstock before the resin synthesis.     

An economic and environmental comparison of a biochemical and a thermochemical lignocellulosic ethanol conversion processes

With the world’s focus on rapidly deploying second generation biofuels technologies, there exists today a good deal of interest in how yields, economics, and environmental impacts of the various conversion processes of lignocellulosic biomass to transportation fuels compare. Although there is a good deal of information regarding these conversion processes, this information is typically very difficult to use on a comparison basis because different underlying assumptions, such as feedstock costs, plant size, co-product credits or assumed state of technology, have been utilized. In this study, a rigorous comparison of different biomass to transportation fuels conversion processes was performed with standard underlying economic and environmental assumptions so that exact comparisons can be made. This study looked at promising second-generation conversion processes utilizing biochemical and thermochemical gasification technologies on both a current and an achievable state of technology in 2012. The fundamental finding of this study is that although the biochemical and thermochemical processes to ethanol analyzed have their individual strengths and weaknesses, the two processes have very comparable yields, economics, and environmental impacts. Hence, this study concludes that based on this analysis there is not a distinct economic or environmental impact difference between biochemical and thermochemical gasification processes for second generation ethanol production.     

Evaluation of Acacia nilotica as a non conventional low cost biosorbent for the elimination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions

In the present study a biomass derived from the leaves of Acacia nilotica was used as an adsorbent material for the removal of cadmium and lead from aqueous solution. The effect of various operating variables, viz., adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH and temperature on the removal of cadmium and lead has been studied. Maximum adsorption of cadmium and lead arises at a concentration of 2 g/50 ml and 3 g/50 ml and at a pH value of 5 and 4, respectively. The sorption data favored the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm of the metal ions by A. nilotica biomass. Based on regression coefficient, the equilibrium data found were fitted well to the Langmuir equilibrium model than other models. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) have been calculated, respectively revealed the spontaneous, endothermic and feasible nature of adsorption process. The activation energy of the biosorption (Ea) was estimated as 9.34 kJ mol⁻¹ for Pb and 3.47 kJ mol⁻¹ for Cd from Arrhenius plot at different temperatures.     

纤维素直接催化转化制乙二醇及其他化学品:从基础研究发现到潜在工业应用(英)

纤维素直接催化转化制乙二醇是一条极具吸引力的生物质转化途径,有助于减轻化石能源资源的消耗。综述了从该反应途径的发现到获得高效、高稳定性催化剂的快速发展过程。基于对钨基催化剂的大量研究结果,本文讨论了反应机制,明确了反应路径、催化剂状态、钨物种及加氢催化活性中心各自在串联反应中的作用。围绕该反应过程的工业化应用需要,讨论了有关原生木质纤维素生物质催化转化以及高效反应过程的发展策略。在此基础上,将纤维素催化转化制乙二醇过程与生物质发酵制丙酮-丁醇-乙醇的生物炼制路线进行整合,构建出一个理想的反应过程潜在应用范例。最后,对纤维素催化转化制乙二醇反应过程进行了总结和前景展望.